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James Sanders is an author at Epoch AI who previously worked on compute policy at CNAS and was a quant trader.
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Grok 41
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James Sanders as author
Grok 4 Training Resource Footprint
Epoch AIanalysiscautiousSep 23, 2025
Training Grok 4, the largest AI training run to date, required $500 million in energy and compute costs alone, equivalent to powering 4,000 Americans for a year and generating emissions equivalent to a Boeing jet over three years.
“Co-author of the article analyzing Grok 4 training resource footprint”
AI InfrastructureAI Chips/HardwareAI ResearchAI Governance